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Blood Types: Classification Systems, Transfusion Compatibility

About Health and Science in Simple Words
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29 views 2 years ago #bloodgroups #antigens #antibodies
Blood is a very important biological fluid that is involved in gas exchange (transportation of oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs), and also protects against various biological threats (bacteria, viruses, fungi). A patient may need a blood transfusion if they have lost blood due to illness, injury, or injury. In the composition of the blood: plasma and cells (platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes). Erythrocytes are considered the main carriers of antigens. Antigens help the body fight foreign bodies by creating characteristic antibodies. In the case of an incorrect choice of a donor for a blood recipient, an ineffective transfusion may occur. Erythrocytes from the donor's blood can be associated with the recipient's erythrocyte antigens as foreign bodies. The resulting antibodies can destroy "foreign" erythrocytes. But there may be a reverse case, antibodies from the donor's blood (wrong blood type) can attack the patient's red bl …...more
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Blood Types: Classification Systems, Transfusion Compatibility
Blood is a very important biological fluid that is involved in gas exchange (transportation of oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to the lungs), and also protects against various biological threats (bacteria, viruses, fungi). A patient may need a blood transfusion if they have lost blood due to illness, injury, or injury. In the composition of the blood: plasma and cells (platelets, leukocytes, erythrocytes). Erythrocytes are considered the main carriers of antigens. Antigens help the body fight foreign bodies by creating characteristic antibodies. In the case of an incorrect choice of a donor for a blood recipient, an ineffective transfusion may occur. Erythrocytes from the donor's blood can be associated with the recipient's erythrocyte antigens as foreign bodies. The resulting antibodies can destroy "foreign" erythrocytes. But there may be a reverse case, antibodies from the donor's blood (wrong blood type) can attack the patient's red blood cells. In order to choose the right donor, a compatibility analysis is done. Only erythrocytes have about 20 antigens. Based on the similarity of antigens, blood is classified into similar groups. The main blood classifications are the AB0 system and the Rhesus system. Karl Landsteiner, who discovered the A and B antigens back in 1900, is considered the pioneer of the AB0 blood group systems. For this discovery in 1930 he received the Nobel Prize. He noticed that the second (A (II)) and fourth (AB (IV)) blood groups have antigen A, and the third (B (III)) and fourth (AB (IV)) blood groups have antigen B. At the same time, the third (B (III)) and first (0 (I)) groups have anti-A antibodies, and the second (A (II)) and first (0 (I)) groups have anti-A antibodies. AT. Theoretically, the first (0 (I)) group is a universal donor, that is, people with this group can donate blood to people with other blood types, but the fourth (IV (AB)) group can receive blood from all other blood types. In practice, and only in extreme cases, blood transfusion from one blood type to another blood type is possible only within 500 ml, and it is best to avoid such procedures! In medical practice, blood transfusion preferably occurs from donors to patients with the same blood type! Thus, less blood is inactivated during transfusion. The Rhesus system refers to additional antigens E, e, C, c and D (D). The presence of the D antigen on the surface of red blood cells refers the patient to Rh + (positive Rh), but the absence of this antigen - to Rh- (negative Rh). The Rhesus system was discovered by the same Karl Landsteiner in 1940 while studying Rhesus Macaques from Southeast Asia, for which he received the posthumous Lasker Prize in 1946 (he died of angina pectoris in 1943). There are other types of blood classification. For example, the Kell system. This system classifies blood according to the presence or absence of the K antigen. This antigen has been found in pregnant women and in people after transfusion. The K antigen is almost absent in the Chinese, but is observed in 2% of Koreans and 9% of the British. Platelets also have their own antigens: PLA-1 and PLA-2, but they have little effect on blood transfusion. Another blood classification system, HLA, refers to leukocyte antigens. These antigens are taken into account in blood transfusions and bone marrow or other organ transplants. How is the blood type determined? For this, a serum test is done. If the serum contains antibodies corresponding to antigens from erythrocytes, then agglutination occurs. Blood incompatibility between the mother and fetus is observed if the mother has Rh- (negative Rh), and the fetus has Rh + (positive Rh). But during the first pregnancy, as a rule, there are no problems. Problems can be observed in the case of a second pregnancy. The problem is characterized by the fact that the mother's anti-Rhesus antibodies attack the fetal red blood cells, causing severe anemia in the fetus (hemolytic disease of the child). Nowadays, cases of this incompatibility are almost non-existent, because there is a medicine that the mother takes. Attention! This material is for informational purposes only. When observing various unusual symptoms, it is recommended to consult a doctor! This material was prepared on the basis of material from   / allscientifical   This presentation uses graphics from https://www.canva.com The text is read by Andrey, editor of the page   / allscientifical  , and the background music is made using the https://www.soundtrap.com platform If you liked the presentation, you can follow us on social networks: #bloodgroups #antigens #antibodies #bloodcompatibility

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About Health and Science in Simple Words

427 subscribers
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